Humorous,
Harmless Hell
or ...
Horrific,
Hopeless Hell?
While most
Americans may seldom allow their minds to dwell on the serious
aspects of the topic of Hell, especially in terms of the destiny
of specific individuals in their own circle of family and
friends, this doesn’t mean that they never think of Hell at all.
But when they do, it is frequently not the Hell of the Bible,
but the basically “Humorous, Harmless Hell” of Hallowe’en, Hollywood
cartoons, and newspaper comic strips. That Hell is
not the ever-burning destination of eternal, horrifically
agonizing torment for the
unsaved proposed by many theologians, but the cartoonic
playground of an often Jester-like Devil and his buffoonish
minions.
Yes,
strangely enough, even many professing, church-going Christians
dive into the merriment of this pseudo-Hell. They may even dress
their own children … and pets! … up as the Devil or a demon.
This is the
Hell that often shows up in cartoons in newspapers, or on comic
greeting cards. Bob Larson’s Far Side cartoons often
featured a roly-poly Devil and his light-hearted helpers
dispensing quirky punishments to new arrivals in Hell. For
instance, one such panel showed an angel in Heaven at the Pearly
Gates saying to a new arrival, “Welcome to Heaven. Here is your
harp.” Below that was the Devil greeting a newcomer at the Gates
of Hell with “Welcome to Hell. Here is your accordion.”
The popular
Dilbert cartoon strip even has an ongoing parody of the Devil and
Hell. Instead of “Lucifer, Prince of Darkness, ruler of Hell,”
carrying a huge trident, Dilbert is sometimes harassed by “Phil, The
Prince of Insufficient Light,” who carries a shovel-sized spoon. Phil is the ruler of Heck (“for
sinners whose transgressions aren't serious enough for Hell”).
He bothers people with mild punishments for mild sins. “For
example, once he punished Dilbert by making him eat lunch with
the accountants.” (http://www.dilbert.com/comics/dilbert/the_characters/html/character4.html)
It is
difficult to avoid chuckling at these kinds of cartoons, even if
one does believe, deep down, in a much more sinister Hell. But
unfortunately, this cartoonic version of Hell has a much
stronger influence on the minds of most people than does the
biblical notion of Hell. And this contributes one more factor to
why many people never feel inclined to think through carefully
what the Bible actually has to say on this topic.
Horrific Hell
Although
this fictional, cartoonic “harmless Hell” has been around in
society for a very long time, it has had a rival in popular
culture. This is the “horrific Hell” described by “fire and
brimstone evangelists.” Although there are fewer of these
fellows with wide influence in the 21st century, at
one time they were able to terrify much of the population.
One of the
earliest examples of this in American history is a famous sermon
given by Puritan preacher Jonathan Edwards at a Congregational
Church in Massachusetts in June 1741. Titled “Sinners in the
Hands of an Angry God,” the text of this sermon was afterwards
published and widely spread throughout Colonial America.
Evidently, Edwards customarily read his sermons rather than
speaking extemporaneously.
He read this
one again a few weeks later in another church, and an eyewitness
reported an “audience so moved by the sermon that people moaned,
shrieked, and cried out for salvation while the preacher was
speaking." Apparently the reaction was so strong that Edwards
was unable to finish the sermon, “possibly the only time such an
interruption had happened to him except for the day several
years earlier when the gallery of the old Northampton
meetinghouse fell.” (
http://www.bible.org/page.asp?page_id=1826 Glenn Kreider,
“Sinners in the Hands of a Gracious God.”)
What did Edwards say
that was so terrifying to so many? Here is the climax of the
message:
The God that
holds you over the pit of hell, much as one holds a spider, or
some loathsome insect over the fire, abhors you, and is
dreadfully provoked: his wrath towards you burns like fire; he
looks upon you as worthy of nothing else, but to be cast into
the fire; he is of purer eyes than to bear to have you in his
sight; you are ten thousand times more abominable in his eyes,
than the most hateful venomous serpent is in ours. You have
offended him infinitely more than ever a stubborn rebel did his
prince; and yet it is nothing but his hand that holds you from
falling into the fire every moment. It is to be ascribed to
nothing else, that you did not go to hell the last night; that
you was suffered to awake again in this world, after you closed
your eyes to sleep. And there is no other reason to be given,
why you have not dropped into hell since you arose in the
morning, but that God's hand has held you up. There is no other
reason to be given why you have not gone to hell, since you have
sat here in the house of God, provoking his pure eyes by your
sinful wicked manner of attending his solemn worship. Yea, there
is nothing else that is to be given as a reason why you do not
this very moment drop down into hell.
O sinner!
Consider the fearful danger you are in: it is a great furnace of
wrath, a wide and bottomless pit, full of the fire of wrath,
that you are held over in the hand of that God, whose wrath is
provoked and incensed as much against you, as against many of
the damned in hell. You hang by a slender thread, with the
flames of divine wrath flashing about it, and ready every moment
to singe it, and burn it asunder; and you have no interest in
any Mediator, and nothing to lay hold of to save yourself,
nothing to keep off the flames of wrath, nothing of your own,
nothing that you ever have done, nothing that you can do, to
induce God to spare you one moment.
And Edwards
made it abundantly clear, if that “spider” that is you falls
into that pit of Hell, how long it will be there:
It would be
dreadful to suffer this fierceness and wrath of almighty God one
moment; but you must suffer it to all eternity: there will be no
end to this exquisite horrible misery: when you look forward,
you shall see a long forever, a boundless duration before you,
which shall swallow up your thoughts and amaze your soul; and
you will absolutely despair of ever having any deliverance, any
end, any mitigation, any rest at all; you will know certainly
that you must wear out long ages, millions of millions of ages,
in wrestling and conflicting with this almighty merciless
vengeance; and then when you have so done, when so many ages
have actually been spent by you in this manner, you will know
that all is but a point to what remains. So that your punishment
will indeed be infinite.
You will
note that he speaks regularly of “sinners,” but do not assume he
is speaking of fully mature adults who are engaged in profligate
sin such as adultery or murder. Don’t forget … he delivered
this sermon originally not during an evangelistic campaign to
the public, but to his own congregation in his own church … and
he makes it clear he was not limiting his comments to adults:
And let
every one that is yet out of Christ, and hanging over the pit of
hell, whether they be old men and women, or middle aged, or
young people, or little children, now hearken to the
loud calls of God's word and providence.
One can only
imagine what a child of six, sitting in the front pew of the
church, must have thought that day.
Does the
Bible really speak of God, even figuratively, constantly holding
little children (or anyone else for that matter) over the pit of
Hell ready to drop them at any moment unless they respond to
this sort of fire and brimstone message? Even though there is
nothing in the Bible to indicate this, Edwards’ vivid
imagination and powerful imagery no doubt convinced large
numbers of people in many generations … some of them right up to
today … to believe so. This sermon is posted on many websites,
not as just an historical oddity or example of American
literature, but as a current warning message to current readers.
And it is published in tract form so that it can be used as an
“evangelistic tool” even now.
Edwards the
Protestant minister couldn’t hold a candle, however, to a Roman
Catholic priest of the late 1800s in literally attempting to
“scare the Hell out of” little children.
John Furniss (1809-1865) was an Irish Catholic priest, head of an orphanage,
who wrote material that was used both in Ireland and England for
church education programs. His most famous piece of literature
of this kind was titled “The Sight of Hell.” Note how this item
is described in an endorsement by Furniss’s superior in the
church:
I have
carefully read over this Little Volume for Children and have
found nothing whatever in it contrary to the doctrines of
Holy Faith; but, on the contrary, a great deal to charm,
instruct, and edify our youthful classes, for whose benefit
it has been written. --William Meagher, Vicar General,
Dublin, December 14, 1855
You can
decide if the phrase “to charm” applies to the contents of the
excerpts below from this publication. For Furniss spends many
pages describing in excruciating detail for the “edification” of
children precisely what awaits them in Hell if they do not
follow all of the church’s teachings regarding the requirements
to qualify for Heaven.
The First
Dungeon—A Dress of Fire
Job xxxviii.
Are not thy garments hot?
Come into this room. You see it is very small. But see, in the
midst of it there is a girl, perhaps about eighteen years old.
What a terrible dress she has on—her dress is made of fire. On
her head she wears a bonnet of fire. It is pressed down close
all over her head; it burns her head; it burns into the skin; it
scorches the bone of the skull and makes it smoke. The red hot
fiery heat goes into the brain and melts it... You do not,
perhaps, like a headache. Think what a headache that girl must
have. But see more. She is wrapped up in flames, for her frock
is fire. If she were on earth she would be burnt to a cinder in
a moment. But she is in Hell, where fire burns everything, but
burns nothing away. There she stands burning and scorched; there
she will stand for ever burning and scorched! She counts with
her fingers the moments as they pass away slowly, for each
moment seems to her like a hundred years. As she counts the
moments she remembers that she will have to count them for ever
and ever.
The Third
Dungeon—The Red Hot Floor
Look into
this room. What a dreadful place it is! The roof is red hot; the
floor is like a thick sheet of red hot iron. See, on the middle
of that red hot floor stands a girl. She looks about sixteen
years old. Her feet are bare, she has neither shoes nor
stockings on her feet; her bare feet stand on the red hot
burning floor. The door of this room has never been opened
before since she first set her foot on the red hot floor. Now
she sees that the door is opening. She rushes forward. She has
gone down on her knees on the red hot floor. Listen, she speaks!
She says; "I have been standing with my feet on this red hot
floor for years. Day and night my only standing place has been
this red hot floor. Sleep never came on me for a moment, that I
might forget this horrible burning floor. Look," she says, "at
my burnt and bleeding feet. Let me go off this burning floor for
one moment, only for one single, short moment. Oh, that in the
endless eternity of years, I might forget the pain only for one
single, short moment." The devil answers her question: "Do you
ask," he says, "for a moment, for one moment to forget your
pain. No, not for one single moment during the never-ending
eternity of years shall you ever leave this red hot floor!
The Fifth
Dungeon—The Red Hot Oven
Ps. xx. Thou
shalt make him as an oven of fire in the time of thy anger.
You are going to see again the child about which you read in the
Terrible Judgment, that it was condemned to Hell. See! It is a
pitiful sight. The little child is in this red hot oven. Hear
how it screams to come out. See how it turns and twists itself
about in the fire. It beats its head against the roof of the
oven. It stamps its little feet on the floor of the oven. You
can see on the face of this little child what you see on the
faces of all in Hell—despair, desperate and horrible!... This
child committed very bad mortal sins, knowing well the harm of
what it was doing, and knowing that Hell would be the
punishment. God was very good to this child. Very likely God saw
that this child would get worse and worse, and would never
repent, and so it would have to be punished much more in Hell.
So God, in His mercy, called it out of the world in its early
childhood.
Now there is
an interesting concept--taking a child in death in “early
childhood” and consigning it to burn forever in an oven is
evidence of the “mercy” of God!
Although
many today, even regular church-goers, may not believe in this
type of horrific view of Hell, it continued to be a powerful image in
society for many more generations after Furniss. At the 1904
World's Fair held in St. Louis, one of the "attractions" on the
Midway was a ride called The Hereafter. It was very much
like an early version of a cross between the Pirates of the
Caribbean and Haunted Mansion attractions at Walt
Disney World's Magic Kingdom. Visitors floated down a waterway
inside a huge building while animated mannequins, actors, and
trick lighting simulated for them a trip to Hell and back. It
was the Hell depicted by Furniss and earlier writers, with a
narrator ominously reading over loud speakers from Dante's
Inferno as visitors watched the torments of some of the
damned. They were eventually confronted with a scene depicting
the Devil himself in the deepest part of Hell. (See the
complete description of the
Hereafter ride.)
In fact,
although it is no longer quite so prevalent in the general
population, there is a subculture of Christian believers among
whom the images are still potent. This is shown most vividly by
the enthusiastic reception among many Charismatics and some
other Protestant groups given to a book titled A Divine
Revelation of Hell by author Mary K. Baxter.
Mary Baxter
claimed that, in 1976, Jesus appeared to her and, removing her
spirit from her body, took her with Him on visits to Hell for
thirty consecutive nights. (He also allegedly took her on ten
subsequent visits to Heaven, but that was material for a
different book.) In 1993, her A Divine Revelation of Hell
book, describing her exploits, was published. It’s not quite
clear why it took her sixteen years to write up the story, nor
how her memory that much later could be so perfect regarding the
exact dialogue of her trips. But perhaps these things have a
logical explanation. Or perhaps … the book is not all that its
promoters claim for it.
Regardless
of how preposterous many of the claims in the book (see below)
may seem to those not steeped in a culture that accepts this
kind of supernatural event as being believable, the book has
been, according to some reports, a Best Seller. And it is still
on the shelves of Christian bookstores to this day. A Google
websearch on the title yields thousands of websites that make
reference to it, so it obviously has had a wide impact. Looking
over some of these websites, it is also obvious that many people
accept the claims of the book without question. Here are just a
few comments by readers gathered from book sales websites and
religious discussion forums:
“There is no
possible way that this book could be imagined or made up. It is
as real as real can get.” (ministryhelps.com)
“However, I
will warn you, she is faithful to reporting exactly what she has
seen and if I were you, I would prepare myself before I opened
the pages of this book, because if what she is saying is true,
and I believe it is, than we all must reevaluate our very
existence and motives in this life before it is too
late.”(amazon.com)
“For anyone
who reads this book—and all should—it can have only two sources:
either it is of God or it is not. Would the devil inspire such a
powerful warning for people to turn from evil and the realities
of hell to Christ the Savior? (I think not.) Or, would Mary
Baxter choose to make up a fanciful tale that has brought her so
much scorn and ridicule? (If you're making something up, that's
a strange thing to do.)” (christianbook.com)
“If there's
anyone who hasn't read this book I BEG you to read it. It will
help you threw [sic] a lot of difficulties along with the
strength of God himself (bibleforums.org)
“This book
is probably one of the most important books you will ever read,
besides the Bible itself.” (very-clever.com)
So is this
book actually “second only to the Bible” in importance? Below
are just a few excerpts from a website that enthusiastically
provides a summary of the highlights of the book. As one writer
put it above, the content of this book can have only two
sources—either God … or not. If it was not a direct revelation
from God, then all those hundreds of thousands of people who
have read it and believed it are believing something false. If
it is false, it doesn’t make much difference whether the author
got the material as “inspiration from the Devil,” or dredged it
up from her
own sincere but over-active sub-conscious, or deliberately made
it up. The picture she paints is deceiving people about the
truth of the Bible on the matter.
http://www.christrevealed.com/baxter
Jesus later told Mary that hell has a body, just like a human
form, lying on her back at the center of the earth. It is shaped
like the body of a human, with many chambers of torment.
Chapter 2 (Left Leg of Hell)
The sounds of people in torments were everywhere and there was a
thick horrible odor. Many pits can be seen in the left leg of
hell as well as evil spirits and demons. The pits were filled
with fire and they were everywhere, as far as one can see. On
closer inspection, the pits were shaped like a bowl, three feet
deep and four feet across. There were red hot coals of fire on
the side of each pit and in the center of the pit was a soul
that has gone into hell. Fire would start at the bottom of the
pit and rise up, engulfing the lost soul, leaving the soul caged
in a burnt skeleton. These souls could feel the flames, as wails
of regret and excruciating pain came from them. The fire would
then die down, and then would rise up again, sweeping the
tormented soul. This happened day and night.
A soul cried out to the Lord, “Jesus, have mercy !”. It was a
voice of a woman in skeleton form, with a dirty gray mist
inside, which was her soul. Flesh hung by her bones and she was
hairless and eyeless. The woman cried out again and said “Lord,
Lord, I want out of here !” Jesus’ face showed great sorrow and
He said to Mary that she is here to let the world know that sin
results in death and that hell is real. Mary looked at the woman
again and saw worms crawling out of the bones; the worms were
not harmed by the fire. Jesus said that the woman knows and
feels those worms. …
… As they walked on, they could hear the chilling cries of a
man. Jesus said:
“What you are about to see and hear is true. Take heed you
ministers of the gospel, for these are faithful and true
sayings. Awake, evangelists, preachers, and teachers of My Word,
all of you who are called to preach the gospel of the Lord Jesus
Christ. If you are sinning, repent or you will likewise perish.”
[22]
As they walked closer to the noise, they could see twelve small
dark figures marching around a coffin. These dark figures were
demons holding spears and they were talking and laughing. There
was a small opening in the coffin and that’s where the demons
inserted their spears.
Jesus explained:
“Child, there are many souls in torment here, and there are many
different types of torment for these souls. There is greater
punishment for those who once preached the gospel and went back
into sin, or for those who would not obey the call of God for
their lives.”
Inside the coffin was a man who kept saying “No hope, no hope !”
On closer inspection, the soul of the man was in a gray mist
form, which filled the coffin and inside the soul was a heart.
The spears literally pierced his heart and blood was everywhere.
Chapter 7 (The Belly of Hell)
The next night, they entered hell again. They were at a wide
open area and many demons and evil entities could be seen
gathered in one area. In this area, one can see many souls in
torment and the semi-darkness was often interrupted by sharp
screams of pain and regret. Jesus said to Mary “Child, Satan is
both the deceiver on earth and the tormenter of souls in hell.
Many of the demonic powers seen here also go up on the earth at
times to hurt, afflict and deceive.”
In this area, there were cell blocks; these cells were arranged
in a circle and seventeen miles high. Jesus told Mary that one
day, death and hell will be cast into the Lake of Fire. Hell is
a temporary holding place until that day comes.
Chapter 8 (The Cells in Hell)
Jesus informed Mary that many of the souls in these cell blocks
were in witchcraft or the occult, such as sorcerers, mediums,
drug dealers, idol worshipers and evil people with familiar
spirits. Screams and moans can be heard coming from all over the
cells. Jesus explained that in hell, there are different
torments for different souls and Satan administers those
torments.
Jesus and Mary walked to a cell which contained an old lady
seated in a rocking chair. Mary was surprised to see a real
woman with a body. The woman was crying.
Mary was then surprised as she saw the woman change forms, to an
old man, then to a young woman, then middle-aged woman and then
back to the old lady; even the clothes changed. When the old
woman saw Jesus, she cried “Lord, have mercy on me. Let me out
of this place of torment.” She then changed her form again, to a
man, then a woman, and back to the old lady.
Jesus explained that the woman practiced witchcraft and as well
as taught others witchcraft. Satan also tricked her in believing
that she would receive a kingdom of her own, as a reward for
serving him. When she died, she praised Satan and came here. She
then asked Satan for her kingdom, but he mocked her and said
“Did you think I would divide my kingdom with you ? This is your
kingdom.” And he locked her in this cell and tortures her.
Jesus told Mary that this woman was a witch and taught both
white and black witches on the occult. One of her tricks was to
change from a youthful woman, to a middle-aged woman, to an old
woman and then to an old man. She did this to show off her power
to lesser witches. Now, she cannot control her changes and keeps
changing from one form to another, and with each change, her
flesh is ripped away; her real form is a misty soul inside a
skeleton. Jesus said "Satan uses her for his evil purposes and
taunts and mocks her. Every so often she is brought back before
Satan to be tormented for his pleasure.”
Jesus escorted Mary to another cell. There, they could see a
women picking worms out of her bones. The woman in the cell
pleaded with Jesus to let her out and said "Lord, when I was on
earth, I worshiped the Hindu gods and many idols. I would not
believe the gospel the missionaries preached to me, although I
heard it many times. One day I died. I cried for my gods to save
me from hell, but they could not."
Jesus said to this woman, "It's too late"
A recent
visit to a large Christian bookstore to look for books on the
topic of Hell yielded a very troubling fact—this book by Baxter
is the only book sold in that store that is specifically dedicated to
the topic! So if this book is unbiblical and presents a false
view of the biblical truth about life after death, then finding
the truth is not necessarily going to be an easy project for
most people. Very few people are going to read through the whole
Bible, attempting to pull together all of the texts about the
topic, and come up with a systematic belief about the nature of
Hell. A significant proportion of people who claim to view the
Bible as the source of all truth still rely upon commentators,
teachers, and preachers to help them sort through the details.
And the reality is that sensationalist authors such as Baxter
have a far wider influence on the “popular” view of the topic of
Hell than the vast majority of church pastors—many of whom may
view Baxter’s book as being totally unbiblical and her vision as
being spurious. Their opinions
are irrelevant if they can’t reach the same vast audience that
the Divine Revelation can with its “Best Seller” status.
A “Cartoonic
Hell” of a Different Kind
No brief
overview of the “popular theology of Hell” in America of the
past fifty years would be complete without a mention of the most
prolific popularizer of all, author/illustrator Jack Chick, and
his “Chick Tracts.”
This Was
Your Life
©2002 by Jack T. Chick LLC
Reporter Robert Ito provides a glimpse of just who Jack Chick
is, in this excerpt from a profile of Chick from the London
Independent on Sunday online newspaper, 7/6/2003:
For the past
five decades Jack T Chick has been writing comics about
damnation. In the pocket-sized tracts, people are stabbed,
burned alive, and eaten by snakes. There is cannibalism and
human sacrifice. The apocalyptic works are equal parts hate
literature and fire-and-brimstone sermonizing, with a tough-guy
Christ - "Jesus is not a weak fairy," he writes - as
protagonist. Chick, a fundamentalist Christian and president of
a California-based publishing company, wants his books to scare
the hell out of you.
The format
is inviting - so small, so handy, mostly pictures. The first
panel immediately plunges you into the action, as a paramedic
huddles over Bobby, a teenager who just overdosed on speed (we
know this because the paramedic tells the crowd "HE OVERDOSED ON
SPEED!"). "Wow! What a drag!" thinks one bystander. An elderly
man preaches the gospel to a kid and is mocked and beaten by a
man in a tracksuit. The bully drives off with the kid; their car
is immediately hit by a speeding train. "YAAAAAA!" they scream.
In the next panel they're in the Inferno.
… Chick's
most popular book, This Was Your Life!, was published in
1964. At 21 pages, it is a masterpiece of shorthand horror. By
the second panel, the Scotch-swilling protagonist has dropped
dead of a heart attack. "Review his life!" the Lord commands,
and an angel produces a massive screen in the night sky. The man
watches scenes from his wasted life, in which he tells filthy
stories, leers at blondes ("Ummm nice!" he says to himself), and
thinks about sport in the middle of church.
This Was
Your Life!
created a
template —sin, damnation, the possibility of redemption—for
scores of future tracts. The artist's formula and drawing style
have changed little in five decades. His early single-panel
cartoons show the same perspiring characters, pop- eyed faces
and 1940s Sunday-comics sensibilities as his current works. "
… With more
than 500 million copies of his 142 comics in print, including
translations in more than 100 languages, Chick is the world's
most published living author.
Although the
brief glimpses of Hell in the illustrations in Chick’s short
tracts do not go into the same sort of elaborate detail as that
in the writings of Furniss and Baxter, Chick’s view of Hell is
obviously derived from the same sort of sources. Satan is
portrayed as the gleeful Lord of Hell, luring people there for
his own pleasure:
The Long
Trip, ©1994 by Jack T. Chick LLC
Demons also
romp through Hell as if it is their own playground, with
torturing humans being their form of amusement:
Back From
The Dead?
©1982 by Jack T. Chick LLC
Although
Chick may intend that some of his drawings are to be taken as
metaphorical, there is no doubt that many naïve readers may
assume he intends his illustrated details, such as a giant “chute into Hell” in
one of his tracts, to be taken as a literal experience that dead
humans will endure:
The Long
Trip,
©1994 by Jack T. Chick LLC
Have you
wondered if the picture of Hell
presented by people like Furniss, Baxter, and Chick
is really based solidly on
information in the Bible?
If it is not, just where did it come
from?
Explore the other articles on this website for
answers to those questions.
This site contains a collection
of articles, on the topic of Hell and the Afterlife, that may
each be used independently for research purposes. But it also is
designed as a systematic, sequential overview of the whole
topic, which can be read like a book.
For those who would like to take
advantage of this perspective of the content, the articles are
arranged in the
Reading Guide as they would appear as chapters in a book, along
with a few reference chapters at the end such as would appear in
a book Appendix.
Use the
links below to go to the next article, previous article, or
first article
in the Reading Guide sequence.
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PLEASE
NOTE:
No single short article can comprehensively cover
any aspect of the topic of Hell. If you have
questions or concerns regarding the material in this
article, be sure to first read through the site
FAQ before writing to the
author. It may already specifically address the very
points you are wondering about.
Unless otherwise
noted, all biblical references in this and other articles on the
Is It True What They Say About Hell? website are from the
New International Version (NIV).
All of the articles on this
Is it true what they say about Hell? website were written by Pam Dewey, with
the support and sponsorship of Common Ground Christian
Ministries. For more of Pam's inspirational and educational
writings, visit her Oasis
website.
All website content
© 2007, Pam
Dewey and Common Ground Christian Ministries
All rights reserved. Material may
be copied for personal use of the site visitor. For permission
to copy for any other purposes, please contact the author at
oasis7@gmail.com
